Perimeter security system

ABSTRACT

A security system for detecting physical intrusion in a monitored area including a plurality of radio units arranged in a network around the monitored area to determine received signal strength and pass variations thereof through the radio units to a base station.

The subject application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/485,190 filed Jul. 12, 2006 and Continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/971,582 filed Dec. 17, 2010 (nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,232,878), the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to wireless security systems and, moreparticularly, to wireless security systems for detecting physicalintrusions or movements in a monitored area or perimeter and reportingany intrusions and/or movements.

2. Description of the Prior Art

There is a great need for wireless security systems to detect physicalintrusions into monitored areas by human or other intruders and reportthe intrusion and its nature. In the past, wireless security or intruderdetection systems have had the disadvantages of being complicated withrespect to tracking an intrusion, of providing inaccurate readings inthe presence of noise or interference and of utilizing expensiveequipment not easily arranged to form a perimeter around an area to bemonitored. U.S. Pat. No. 4,213,122 to Rotman et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,224,607 to Poirier et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,259 to Gagnon, U.S.Pat. No. 6,614,384 to Hall et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,604 to Hallet al. and U.S. Published Patent Applications No. 2004/0080415 toSorensen, No. 2005/0055568 to Agrawala et al., and No. 2005/0083199 toHall et al. are representative of efforts to provide such wirelesssecurity systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention is to provide a multi-purposesecurity system utilizing narrow-band, low-data rate, low power(approximately 10 megawatts) radio units in a frequency range between800 MHz and several GHz. The radio units are arranged in a network witheach radio unit having a signal transmitter, a signal receiver, acircuit coupled with the receiver to measure the signal strength ofsignals received thereby and produce an output representative ofreceived signal strength and a controller responsive to the circuitoutput to cause the transmitter to transmit a signal representative ofthe strength of the signal received by the receiver and to provide eachradio with a receive mode and a transmit mode such that the receiver andthe transmitter of each radio do not operate simultaneously. Thesecurity system includes a base station/user positioned to receive thetransmitted signal from one of the radio units and providing anindication of intrusion into the monitored area. The radio units arepositioned such that each radio unit is within communication range of atleast one other radio units, and the radio units can be capable offrequency hopping.

In a further aspect, the present invention uses a network of radio unitsto detect physical intrusions into a monitored area and report detectedintrusions wherein transmissions between the radio units, which areaffected by intruders, are also used to transfer detection notificationto a base station.

In another aspect, the present invention utilizes half-duplex radiounits arranged in a network where each radio unit is withincommunication range of at least one other radio unit with the radiosusing digital modulation of a carrier frequency to encode data with oneof the radio units connected by wireless link or by wire, to a basestation such as a computer or a PDA, referred to herein in some cases asa user, which displays the status of the perimeter security system.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a perimeter securitysystem for detecting physical intrusion in a monitored area utilizing anetwork of radio units which transmit signals periodically or, at othertimes, are either in a receiving mode or a sleeping mode. Thetransmissions occur according to a preset schedule established in amanner to prevent a receiver in a radio unit from simultaneouslyreceiving signals from more than one transmitter. The transmittedsignals are packet-based with each packet carrying the ID of thetransmitter, the ID of the intended receiver(s), a CRC bit, payload andend-of-packets bits.

The security system of the present invention can monitor physicalintrusions into an area, either indoors or outdoors, by human or otherintruders and report the intrusion and its nature to a user. Some of theuses for the security system of the present invention, due to itsflexible and adaptable nature, include perimeter sensing for detectinghumans crossing a particular perimeter, bread crumbs functioning,retracing the path of a human such as in a cave, secure transportationof containers and cartons, detecting human movement behind a wall,detecting humans caught in rubble, alarm systems for animals, such aspets, tripwire fencing for military applications, swimming pool safety,work site safety, work site theft prevention, traffic monitoring, anddetection of illegal border (perimeter) crossing.

Inasmuch as the present invention is subject to many variations,modifications and changes in detail, it is intended that all subjectmatter discussed above or shown in the accompanying drawings beinterpreted as illustrative only and not be taken in a limiting sense.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic diagrams of the security system of thepresent invention using a triangular arrangement of radio units.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the security system of the presentinvention establishing a linear link between a transmitter and a basestation.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are block diagrams of radio units for use with thesecurity system of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a multiple perimeter securitysystem according to the present invention.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are representative of operation of the security system ofthe present invention relative to intrusion detection.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the manner in whichradio units of the security system of the present invention can becontrolled.

FIG. 10 includes graphs showing signal strength versus time.

FIG. 11 is a schematic/block diagram representation of the securitysystem of the present invention used with a PDA.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a perimeter formedby the security system of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of two circuits generating signals to a basestation.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing two circuits simultaneouslygenerating and receiving signals of different frequencies.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and2 with FIG. 1 illustrating a simple relaying network 10 of radio units12 disposed at nodes in a triangular arrangement as illustrated in FIG.2 to form the “backbone” for relaying information while acting assensors arranged to form a perimeter for a monitored area 14. The radiounits 12 shown in FIG. 1 are essentially arranged in triangularrelationships as shown in FIG. 2 where the radio units of a triangle areillustrated as 12 a, 12 b and 12 c. As shown simplistically in FIG. 3, asimple perimeter, as opposed to the triangular arrangement shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, is formed of a transmitter Tx, relay links or nodes RTand a receiver base Rx such as a PDA or computer. An intrusion, such asa human crossing in the line of sight between the relay links and thereceiver base would be detected and sent to a monitoring or basestation. The security system includes a network of narrow band radiounits interfaced to produce the transmitter radio (TX) the relay nodes(RT), the receiver (RX) and a base unit coupled with a radio unit.

Each of the radio units 12 or RT is formed of a transmitter, a receiver,a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a microcontroller, ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a memory. As previously noted, theradio units are half-duplex, i.e. each radio unit can transmit andreceive but not transmit and receive simultaneously. When receiving ananalog signal is generated to indicate the strength of the signalreceived by the receiver in each radio (RSSI), and the RSSI signal isconverted to a digital signal and forwarded to the microcontroller forstorage in the memory. The radio units include narrow-band, low-datarate, low power (≈10 mW) radios operating in the frequency range between800 MHz and several GHz. Each radio is half-duplex and, preferably, iscapable of frequency hopping. The radio units use digital modulation ofthe carrier frequency to encode data and frequency shift keying in somecases. One of the radio units is connected by a wireless link, or bywire, to the base station, i.e. computer/PDA/user. The computer/PDAdisplays the status of the security system to an individual user. Thesame packet transmission that is used to detect intruders is also usedto transfer detection notification and network status and control aroundthe network and to the user.

The signals sent by the radio units are packet-based with a first partindicating whether the signal should be received and checking security(counting zeros or ones) such that only accepted packets are receivedthereby eliminating interference. Corrupted signals are dropped; and,therefore, the security system can operate in unregulated bands. Theradio units operate with very low bits per second such thatcommunications take a long time reducing bit error and corruption whilecausing increased signal stress.

Operation of two of the radio units 12 will be explained with respect toFIGS. 4 and 5 which show identical radio units 1400 and 1400-2,respectively, having components as described above. When transmitter1410 of radio unit 1400 is in the transmit mode, a narrow band signal,which may be frequency hopped, is transmitted from radio unit 1400 andis received by radio unit 1400-2 which is in the receive mode. Receiver1420-2 receives the signal transmitted from radio unit 1400, and an RSSIsignal indicative of received signal strength is generated at 1430-2,converted to a digital signal by ADC 1450-2 and is supplied to themicrocontroller 1440-2 which executes an intrusion detection functionand provides radio unit control algorithms which are read from memory1460-2. The intruder detection algorithms are based on RSSI levels, anda criterion for detection of an intruder is based on the received signalbeing significantly above or significantly below a nominal thresholdestablished by the memory. Sudden changes that affect all radiossimultaneously, such as a sudden rainstorm, are not misinterpreted as anintruder because no intruder would affect all radios simultaneously.

When an intruder is detected, the corresponding information is added tothe next set of packets (signals) transmitted by radio unit 1400-2 to bereceived by a neighboring radio unit which will be in the receive mode.The receiving units will add the detection information to their outgoingpackets (signals) such that the information will reach the user or basevia the network of radio units. An advantageous feature of the securitysystem of the present invention is that the same transmissions that areused to detect intruders are also used to transmit the detection andnode status data to the user or base.

A modification of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 wherein radiounits are arranged in a more complex geometry such that multiple radiounits receive each transmitted signal/packet. Radio units 1101, 1102,1103, 1104 and 1105 form an outer ring around the area to be monitored,and an inner ring is formed of radio units 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109 and1110, the inner ring providing additional security. The sequence ofradio units 1101-1105 transmitting can be in the manner described above,that is in numerical sequence, but each transmission is detected by fiveother radio units. For example, the signal transmitted by radio unit1101 is received by at least radio units 1105, 1102, 1110, 1106 and1107. If the signals received at any of these radio units are indicativeof detection of an intruder, the radio unit temporarily stores thatinformation until that radio unit is placed in transmit mode. Afterradio units 1101-1105 transmit, radio units 1106-1110 transmit again insequence. If any of these radio units had detected an intruder in theprevious cycle, that information is added to their transmittedsignals/packets, and radio units 1101-1105 will forward this informationsequentially to the user. During the transmitting mode of radio units1106-1110, each transmission is detected by at least five radio units.For example, the signal transmitted by radio unit 1106 will be detectedby radio units 1101, 1102, 1107, 1110 and 1105, and each of these radiounits is thus able to detect intruders. The multiple rings addrobustness to the system and prevent false alarms through redundancy.For most paths, any intruder must affect eight direction sensitive pathstraversing from outside to inside the monitored area. If a singletransmission time from a radio unit is ten milliseconds, all tentransmissions will occur at ten transmissions per second from each radiounit. With reference to FIGS. 7 and 8, it will be noted that intrudersnear the line of sight of any link between radio units will affect thestrength of the signals therebetween as indicated by the RSSI. If theintruder is on the line of sight (LOS), the received signal is weakerdue to absorption. If the intruder is close to the line of sight, thesignal strength increases due to constructive interference between theline of sight signal and the signal that is reflected from the intruder.For larger distances from the line of sight, the received signalstrength may become stronger or weaker, depending on the phase shiftbetween the line of sight signal and the signal reflected from theintruder. These fluctuations in signal strength are measured by the RSSIin the receiving radio unit, converted to a digital signal and processedby the receiver's microcontroller. In the example shown in FIG. 7, anintruder represented as motion orthogonal to the line of sight betweenradio units 1101 and 1102 and in the center between the radio units, itbeing noted that other geometries will generate similar results. Theradio unit in transmit mode is radio unit 1101, and the radio unit inreceive mode is radio unit 1102. Four positions are shown labeled t₁through t₄ indicating the times at which the intruder passes each point.An intruder will be detected by either an increase or a decrease in thereceived signal strength as compared with the normal signal strength asshown in FIG. 8 with the normal signal strength level being adjusted ata slow rate to accommodate for environmental changes.

In operation, after the radio units are arranged around the area to bemonitored and turned on, each radio unit transmits periodically. Atother times, the radio units are either in receiving or sleeping mode.The transmissions occur according to a schedule as shown in FIG. 9, theschedule being established in a manner such that collisions due to twoor more transmitters affecting a receiver simultaneously are minimized.The schedule can be established before the radio units are deployed ormay be established after deployment during an automatic setup period.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of radio units transmitting according to aschedule that avoids two transmitters simultaneously transmitting withincommunication range of the same receiver. T1, T2 and T3 indicate radiounits that are transmitting, and R1, R2 and R3 indicate radio units thatare receiving. C indicates the computer or PDA (base) for monitoring thesecurity system, and T=0, 1, 2 indicates time steps. The communicationsbetween radio units is packet-based with each packet carrying the 10(identification) of the transmitter, the ID of the intended receiver,CRC bit, payload and end-of-packet bits. When a receiver receives apacket intended for that receiver, the RSSI measures the signalstrength.

After the radio units of the security system are initially deployed, orestablished in a network, around an area to be monitored, the radiounits measure RSSI values of many packets transmitted between all radiounits that are within communication range with each other. The userascertains that, during this initial setup period, no intruders arepresent in the area to be monitored. The measured RSSI values areprocessed by each radio unit individually, or relayed to a centralprocessing node. Specifically, for each link between a pair of radiounits, the mean, standard deviation and other characteristics of theRSSI values are computed. In one embodiment, a user-specified“probability of false alarm” (PFA) with the statistical parameters ofRSSI values are used to compute thresholds for the RSSI values for eachradio unit to detect an intruder. The upper graph in FIG. 10 illustratesraw signal strength data vs. time for a 70 ft link and illustrates noisefrom automobile traffic as well as an intruder crossing at t t_((s))=600s. The bottom graph shows processed signal strength vs. time with thesignal-to-noise ratio for the intruder detection at 600 s improved bymore than 10 dB.

Once the thresholds are established, the RSSI value for each radio unitis evaluated against the threshold for that link. If the threshold isexceeded, a counter in the microcontroller of each radio unit isincremented. If the RSSI value does not exceed the threshold, thecounter is decremented. If the counter reaches a predetermined value, amessage containing the time, details of the RSSI value and a messagethat an intruder is detected is added to the payload of the packettransmitted by that radio unit. If the RSSI value at a particular radiounit does not exceed the threshold, a message is added to the nextpacket transmitted indicating that no intruder was detected and that thelink was operational. Each radio unit passes on or relays the status ofeach link as indicated by the payload of the packets the radio unitreceives, including the status of the links of which that radio unit ispart. In this manner, messages containing the status of each link willperiodically be received by all radio units in the network including theradio unit that communicates with the user. A graphical user interface(GUI) is provided at the user's computer/PDA indicating the status ofeach radio link, and the GUI can also indicate the location of eachradio unit if the location of radio units is noted or recorded duringplacement. An example of a PDA with such a GUI is illustrated in FIG. 11wherein the numbers, 1-8, on the GUI correspond with the radio units 1-8deployed around an area to be monitored (not shown).

Transmitters external to the security system of the present inventionthat transmit using the same carrier frequency will cause the RSSI tofluctuate, as do intruders. However, since the data rate of the radiounits is low, the modulation frequency of the carrier wave is low and,thus, each occurrence lasts many microseconds. For any intruders locatedwithin a few wavelengths from the line of sight, the path differencebetween the line of sight signal and the signal reflected from theintruder is at most a few periods of the carrier signal. That means thatinter-symbol interference (overlapping of two symbols in time in areceiver) is negligible for a frequency above 100 megahertz and thatsignal strength fluctuations caused by the intruder will not cause biterrors. This represents a key difference between signal strengthfluctuations due to intruders and signal strength fluctuations due toexternal transmitters. Transmitters external to the security system ofthe present invention that transmit the same carrier frequency will notbe in phase with the radio unit transmitters. For sufficiently strongsignals, the interference will cause bit errors in the packets sent bythe radio units and cause a receiver to drop a packet. In this way, astrong external transmitter could jam the security system of the presentinvention. To reduce vulnerability to jamming, the transmitters andreceivers of the radio units are capable of frequency hopping. Sinceeach packet only lasts a few milliseconds, the radio units, transmittersand receivers can hop through a predetermined list of frequencies. Ifany particular frequency is jammed by external transmitters, the jammingwill occur for only a few milliseconds.

Another embodiment of the security system of the present invention isillustrated in FIG. 12 and includes radio units with amplifiers, denotedas A, and radio units without amplifiers denoted as R, the radio unitsbeing connected in series with alternating distances in between, forexample, a 40 ft distance between a transmitter T and a first radio unitwith amplifier A. In the embodiment shown, initially the security systemwill be set up using the radio units with amplifiers A and the radiounits without amplifiers R as shown; and, after noting the locationusing a GPS system, the location of each of the radio units is providedto the base/GUI. The transmitter T is a radio with an amplifier butconfigured to operate only as a transmitter to transmit a data packet tothe first radio unit with amplifier A₁ which receives the packet,measures the RSSI, analyzes the RSSI to determine the presence or lackof presence of an intruder near the T-A₁ link and sends a data packet tothe first radio without amplifier R₁ with a message of “yes” or “no” (a0 or a 1) indicating that there either is or is not an intruder in thesegment of the system between A₁ and R₁. The next radio unit withamplifier in the security system A₂ detects the message from radio unitR₁ due to its close proximity to radio unit R₁. Radio unit A₂ then sendsa data packet on to radio unit R₂ with a message indicating a 0 or a 1for the segment between A₁ and R₁ and a 0 or a 1 indicating either thatthere is or there is not an intruder in the segment between A₂ and R₂.The data packet is sent through each radio unit with amplifier with eachsuccessive radio unit with amplifier transmitting data indicating thepresence or absence of an intruder in the segment of the security systemdirectly adjacent thereto and in the preceding segments or links of thesecurity system. The last radio unit is connected to a modem M₁ whichtransmits all of the information to a second modem M₂ located asubstantial distance from the first modem (indicated as ½ mile). Thesecond modem M₂ is connected to a GUI/base at which a user can observethe system from a safe distance and report any detection of intruders.By utilizing triangular links as described above with respect to FIGS. 1and 2, the security system of FIG. 12 can provide redundancy tocompensate for any disruption of any of the radio units and will allowcontinuous operating of the security system in the event of a disruptionin one link. An additional advantage of the use of the triangularpattern is to determine the direction of travel in addition to detectingthe intrusion across a perimeter or perimeter link. Bidirectionalamplifiers/receivers can be utilized to increase the distance betweenthe radio units, and the GPS can be integrated into the security systemsuch that location information does not need to be input manually intothe GUI/base.

It is also contemplated that the detection can be based not on one ormore RSSI readings measured by a signal strength measuring circuit, buton RSSI readings recorded during a short duration in multiple circuitsconnected to separate signal receivers within a communication range. Anexample of such a circuit is shown in FIG. 13 including signaltransmitters 2410-1 and 2410-2; signal receiver 2420-2 and signalstrength measuring circuit 2430-2 in one circuit and another circuit,which may be parallel, including signal transmitters 2410-3 and 2410-4;signal receiver 2420-4; and signal strength measuring circuit 2430-4 ina second circuit both transmitting to base station 2440 to determinewhether an intrusion has occurred.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a diagram showing signals of multiple radiofrequencies 3401.1 and 3410.2 being generated simultaneously fromrespective signal transmitters 3410-1.1 and 3410-1.2. Simultaneousgeneration of frequencies can be distinguished from frequency hopping,wherein the different frequencies are transmitted one at a time.Accordingly, the noise on RSSI2.1 reading in signal strength measuringcircuit 3430-1 for transmitted frequency 3401.1, which is received bysignal receiver 3420-1 is uncorrelated with the noise on RSSI2.2 readingfrom signal strength measuring circuit 3430-2 for frequency 3410-1.2transmitted by 3410.2 and received by receiver 3420-2. RSSI2.1 andRSSI2.2 are transmitted through signal transmitter 3410-2.0 to basestation 3440 to determine if there has been intrusion. Hence, by usingmultiple frequencies simultaneously at the same transmitter and receiverlocations, lower probability of false alarms can be achieved by using asingle carrier frequency. In addition, the use of multiple simultaneousfrequencies allows the intrusion detection system to work under RFjamming conditions, or in situations where RF transmissions arerestricted.

Inasmuch as the present invention is subject to many variations,modifications and changes in detail, it is intended that all subjectmatter discussed above or shown in the accompanying drawings beinterpreted as illustrative only and not be taken in a limiting sense.

1. A security system providing dual sensing of an intrusion, whereby agenerating signal is generated and digitized and the resulting signalstrength or changes in resulting signal strength is compared to anadjustable threshold, the system comprising: a first circuit including afirst signal transmitter, a first signal receiver, a signal strengthmeasuring circuit for measuring resulting signal strength, and a secondsignal transmitter; a second circuit including a third signaltransmitter, a second signal receiver, a second signal strengthmeasuring circuit for determining resulting signal strength, and afourth signal transmitter; and a base station positioned to receivesignals transmitted from said second and fourth transmitters andproviding a comparison thereof to provide an indication of intrusioninto a monitored area.
 2. The security system as set forth in claim 1,wherein said transmitted signals are frequency hopped.
 3. The securitysystem as set forth in claim 1, further including memory units coupledwith each circuit for storing radio unit control algorithms foroperating said transmitters.
 4. The security system as set forth inclaim 1, wherein each of said circuits establishes a nominal thresholdfor received signal strength that produces a signal representative ofintrusion monitored area when the received signal strength exceeds saidthreshold.
 5. The security system as set forth in claim 4, wherein thenominal threshold is adjusted continually to compensate forenvironmental changes.
 6. The security system as set forth in claim 1,wherein the circuits are arranged in one or more triangular patterns. 7.The security system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the circuits arearranged in a network to form an inner ring and an outer ring around themonitored area.
 8. The security system as set forth in claim 1, whereinthe same transmitted signals from said transmitters are used to detectintrusions and to transmit detection status to said base station.
 9. Thesecurity system as set forth in claim 8, wherein said transmittedsignals are packet-based and intrusion detection information is added tothe packets transmitted such that intrusion detection informationreaches said base station via a plurality of radio units.
 10. A securitysystem providing dual sensing of an intrusion, whereby a generatingsignal is generated and digitized and the resulting signal strength orchanges in resulting signal strength is compared to an adjustablethreshold, the system comprising: a first circuit including a firstsignal transmitter generating a signal of a first frequency, a firstsignal receiver, a first signal strength measuring circuit for detectingthe resulting signal strength; a second circuit including a secondsignal transmitter generating a second frequency, different than saidfirst frequency, a second signal receiver, and a second strengthmeasuring circuit; a third signal transmitter for transmitting thereceived signal from the first and second circuits; and a base stationpositioned to receive said transmitted signals to provide an indicationof intrusion into the monitored area.
 11. The security system as setforth in claim 10, wherein the first and second frequencies aregenerated and received simultaneously.
 12. The security system as setforth in claim 10, further including memory units coupled with eachcircuit for storing radio unit control algorithms for operating saidtransmitters.
 13. The security system as set forth in claim 10, whereineach of said circuits establishes a nominal threshold for receivedsignal strength that produces a signal representative of intrusionmonitored area when the received signal strength exceeds said threshold.14. The security system as set forth in claim 13, wherein the nominalthreshold is adjusted continually to compensate for environmentalchanges.
 15. The security system as set forth in claim 10, wherein thecircuits are arranged in one or more triangular patterns.
 16. Thesecurity system as set forth in claim 10, wherein the circuits arearranged in a network to form an inner ring and an outer ring around themonitored area.
 17. The security system as set forth in claim 10,wherein the same transmitted signals from said transmitters are used todetect intrusions and to transmit detection status to said base station.18. The security system as set forth in claim 17, wherein saidtransmitted signals are packet-based and intrusion detection informationis added to the packets transmitted such that intrusion detectioninformation reaches said base station via a plurality of radio units.